Explosive volcanism is a key contributor to climate variability on interannual to centennial timescales1. Understanding the far-field societal impacts of eruption-forced climatic changes requires firm event chronologies ...

Charlemagne (c.742 – 814 CE) had such a successful political and military career that for the entire subsequent medieval period his reign was portrayed as a model one for all European rulers to aspire to. But for all his ...

The 852/3 CE eruption of Mount Churchill, Alaska, was one of the largest first-millennium volcanic events, with a magnitude of 6.7 (VEI 6) and a tephra volume of 39.4–61.9 km3 (95 % confidence). The spatial extent of the ...