Charlemagne (c.742 – 814 CE) had such a successful political and military career that for the entire subsequent medieval period his reign was portrayed as a model one for all European rulers to aspire to. But for all his ...

Overview of the field of environmental history in Ireland

The mid-17th century is characterized by a cluster of explosive volcanic eruptions in the 1630s and 1640s, climatic conditions culminating in the Maunder Minimum, and political instability and famine in regions of western ...

Palaeoclimatic data are used to track the significant changes in atmospheric circulation patterns and weather conditions that affected Ireland between 1000 and 1500CE. How these climatic developments and associated shifts ...

Beer was a staple of early modern diets across northern Europe and the Atlantic World. While its profound social, economic, and cultural significance is well established, little is known about the nature and quality of the ...